Diagnostic Tests for Agents of Community- Acquired Pneumonia Essay

Worldwide, lower respiratory tract infections are the major cause of conclusion due to an infectious disease. Community-acquired pneumonia ( top) is possibly the most important infectious disease that is encountered in clinical practice. Most forms of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are treatable. There is consensus that the selection of antimicrobial agents is notably simplified if the pathogen is defined. This article will focus on how aetiologic tests skunk be used to guide antibiotic therapy in adult patients with CAP.The role of aetiological testing for antimicrobial therapy in CAPA major role of aetiological testing in CAP is to enable the use of pathogen-directed therapy, and thus sicken the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and improve the outcome in patients. It has been suggested that the antibiotic therapy should be started within 4 h of hospital admission 4, 8, hence quick tests with a shorter abstract time can be used to influence the choice of first-line anti biotic therapy.Rapid tests include, sputum gram strain, urinary antigen tests, and real-time PCR for respiratory pathogens. Less rapid tests, such as cultures, conventional PCR for respiratory pathogens, and serology, may provide useful information that may choke ongoing antibiotic therapy, support narrowing of broad-spectrum therapy, and support therapy changes in case of treatment failure 3. Culture of blood and respiratory specimens may be important for the identification of unexpected or uncommon CAP aetiologies that the empirical treatment does not cover for, e.g., Pseudomonas spp., methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and other highly resistant pathogens. Culture remains a cornerstone of the diagnostic techniques, as it can provide information abou... ...ing to the BTS and Swedish guidelines 7,8.Suggested strategy for diagnostic testingA strategy for diagnostic testing in hospitalized CAP patients is presented in Table 3. It is establish on disease severity and presence/absence of prior antibiotic therapy.ConclusionIn order to cure CAP patients without causing unnecessary aspect effects and without contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic therapy should be carefully selected. Although patients with severe CAP should be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, patients with non-severe CAP should preferably receive pathogen-directedtherapy. maculation rapid aetiological tests may be useful for targeting initial pathogen-directed therapy, non-rapid tests may support switch from broad- to narrow-spectrum antibiotic therapy and support therapy changes in the case of treatment failure.

Emily Bronte :: Biography

Three children sit in a circle playing with wooden bunco soldiers. The world these children play in is not Earth, but worlds of their own creating. The children in this circle will grow up to be some of the best eighteenth century writers. It is no surprise that as a child Emily Bronte and her siblings had active imaginations. They created the worlds of Gondal, Emily and Annes creation and Angria, Charlottes creation (White 12).The world does not know frequently about Emily Bronte except what can be concluded from Charlotte Brontes autobiography (Winnitrith 111). She was born July 30, 1818 in Yorkshire, England. At the young age of thirty, Emily developed tuberculosis and died on December 19, 1848 (Magill 56). Her potential had yet to be reached. C.D. Merriman from The Literature Network said, Many early works from her past were lost only 3 personal earn exist from her possessions. Emily was influenced by many people including her mother and father. Her father, Reverend Patrick B ronte, was a school teacher (Magill 56). Patrick Bronte had a humble beginning he went to Cambridge University and worked in prepare to pay for his stay. Her father was looked down upon for being middle class in a high-class school. Emilys stories feature a strong value of fostering and deal with injustices of society, which is believed to have originated from her fathers troubles. (White 8)Emilys mother, Maria Bronte died from internal cancer when Emily was only three, according to The Victorian Web (Allingham). Kathryn White said, The Bronte children felt the outlet of their mother keenly, for though they never really remembered her. Her absence in their lives is reflected in the number of orphaned and motherless children who were featured in their early writings and novels.(21) despite the fact Emily never knew her mother she characterized Catherine Earnshaw as having a similar sentiment about being more attached to the earth than to Heaven. (White 19). In November 1824, Pat rick Bronte felt that his daughters postulate a proper education so he sent his girls to Clergys Daughters School at Cowan Bridge. This school was rigid, had poor hygiene, and lack of a good diet. He withdrew his girls after Maria and Elizabeth died from inadequate care. Although Emily had a poor experience at school, education became an escape route in many of Emilys writings (White 5-25). Emily, Charlotte, Anne, and Branwell grew up in Haworth.

What is an American :: essays research papers

What is an American?Finally someone says it near You probably missed it in the rush ofnews last week, but there was rattling a report that someone in Pakistanhad published in a newspaper an offer of a reward to anyone who killed anAmerican, any American. So an Australian tooth doctor wrote the following tolet everyone know what an American is, so they would know when they foundone.An American is English, or French, or Italian, Irish, German, Spanish,Polish, Russian or Greek. An American may in like manner be Canadian, Mexican,African, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Australian, Iranian, Asian, orArab, or Pakistani, or Afghan. An American may also be a Cherokee,Osage, Blackfoot, Navaho, Apache, Seminole or one of the many othertribes known as native Americans.An American is Christian, or he could be Jewish, or Buddhist, or Muslim.In fact, there are more(prenominal) Muslims in America than in Afghanistan. The altogetherdifference is that in America they are free to worship a s each of themchooses. An American is also free to believe in no religion. For that hewill answer only to God, not to the government, or to armed thugs claimingto speak for the government and for God.An American is from the most prosperous land in the history of the world.The germ of that prosperity can be found in the world. The root of thatprosperity can be found in the Declaration of Independence, whichrecognizes the God given right of each persons pursuit of happiness.An American is generous. Americans have helped out just about every othernation in the world in their time of need. When Afghanistan was infest bythe Soviet army 20 years ago, Americans came with arms and supplies toenable the people to win back their country. As of the morning of September 11, Americans had given more than any other nation to the poor in Afghanistan.Americans welcome the best, the best products, the best books, the bestmusic, the best food, the best athletes. But they also welcome the least.The topic symbol of America, The Statue of Liberty, welcomes yourtired and your poor, the wretched refuse of your teeming shores, thehomeless, tempest tossed.These in fact are the people who built America. Some of them were workingin the alikeness Towers the morning of September 11, 2002 earning a better lifefor their families.

The Chinese Literati Painting Tradition :: Art History Papers

The Chinese Literati Painting TraditionOne can not help but marvel at the saucer of the Chinese landscapes, the vast space, the intricacies, the imaginative structures, the subtle colorations. To a western eye they are beautiful but to the Chinese they are far more. The paintings embody or portray all aspects of Tao. The caligraphy and imagery in each painting take on mettleual significance. The maneuverist-scholar can spend years attempting for understanding in each work. This understanding he seeks is not just of the scene he sees but of universal structure and himself within it. In turn, his discoveries surface in his brushwork, composition, and the spirit of his mountains, trees, water, and sky. It is no wonder, that the cannon for Chinese art remained among the literati painters over so many centuries.Through painting, one could reach a further understanding of Tao or kinda repossess his ancestors knowledge of Tao.The Tao, with its associated notions of oneness of spirit an d matter, the external flux of all things, the resolution of opposites, and the significance of the nonexhistant, was the cornerstone on which Chinese based theirpainting and their theories of paintingIt is the search for understanding that drives the artist-scholar to paint. Shen Chou, an artist from the Ming Dynasty tells of his new found knowledge and cleansed mind which he has reached through only experiencing nature. His words are translated from the calligraphy in Night vigil (above, center).Through mental abstinence and by sitting alone by the light of the flickering candle long into the night, I must pursue both the outer principals of things and the wondorous inner workings of the mind. By using this method for self-cultivation and responding to things, I shall posess understanding.The Literati were generaly of the beurocracy. They were well mannered in Confucian traditions, well educated, and well off. They were first scholars before they were painters. In fact painting w as generally concidered an outlet for scholars. Scholar-painters were greatly respected, their work was part of high culture. The great artist-scholars wrote at length, advising techniques for painting and calligraphy. They formed different schools of thinking across China. Their names and spirits were remembered through vast literature and in the paintings themselves. Every succeeding generation of artist scholars rekindled the spirit of their ancsestors through their own works of art and literature. And so it continued until the fall of Dynastic China.Unfortunately though, literati remains difficult for Westerners to fully comprehend and appreciate.

We Are Not the Greeks :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Shelley once said, We argon all Greeks, a sentiment which was echoed by many of his contemporaries who shared his printing that theirs was an age of achievement comparcapable to the Greeks.1 Even beyond that era, people today hold a widespread belief that, although we arent quite a Greek ourselves, we are quite capable of understanding them, and that we have an innate familiarity with the Greek tradition. Our claim of an affinity to Greek literature can be found almost anywhere in modern society the intelligentsia sprinkle allusions to all things Greek in books and films the reference to Homer is considered the calling card of academic legitimacy. We are the consumers of a predominate culture that is rife with references to Greek literature. Consumerism does not lead to understanding, however. Anyone could justifiably make the argument that people experience the same struggles and emotions no matter what years bookend their lives and unheeding of what gadgets or people fill up th e space between them. However, to say that an emotion finds expression equally well on a Greek tone or an American face leads to a false sense of our affinity to the Greeks. The point is not whether we share the same range of human experience, but whether we are capable of understanding the same means of expression. Just as much as we meet that Greek is a language foreign to us, we must accept that cultural differences exist that make most of those familiar names and quotes merely accessible parts of a culture that is largely inaccessible to the masses today. The total American is separated from the Greek epic. Although the lowest man is as capable of tragic struggle and feeling as any Greek hero, he is not capable of comprehending the scale and scope of the epic in his own life. We have no way of grasping the gargantuan undertaking of an epic. The epic poem is absent in modern literature, and the number who read epic poems is decreasing rapidly as well. We may read excerpts or quotes about famous works, and from those remarks be able to afford remarks of our own, but this is a form of Cliffs Notes to cultural fluency. The fact that these facile and passing acquaintances serve as the bulk of our cultures understanding reveals the imperfect nature of what we buy up we know. We feel qualified to claim a connection with the Greeks, through no proper understanding of our own, but rather through an opinion about an interpretation of a translation.

We Are Not the Greeks :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Shelley once said, We ar all Greeks, a sentiment which was echoed by many of his contemporaries who shared his judgement that theirs was an age of achievement compar subject to the Greeks.1 Even beyond that era, people today hold a widespread belief that, although we arent kind of Greek ourselves, we are quite capable of understanding them, and that we have an innate familiarity with the Greek tradition. Our claim of an affinity to Greek literature can be found almost anywhere in modern society the intelligentsia sprinkle allusions to all things Greek in books and films the reference to Homer is considered the calling card of academic legitimacy. We are the consumers of a ascendant culture that is rife with references to Greek literature. Consumerism does non lead to understanding, however. Anyone could justifiably make the argument that people experience the same struggles and emotions no matter what years bookend their lives and disregardless of what gadgets or people fill up the space between them. However, to say that an emotion finds expression equally well on a Greek search or an American face leads to a false sense of our affinity to the Greeks. The point is not whether we share the same range of human experience, but whether we are capable of understanding the same means of expression. Just as much as we film that Greek is a language foreign to us, we must accept that cultural differences exist that make most of those familiar names and quotes merely accessible parts of a culture that is largely inaccessible to the masses today. The come American is separated from the Greek epic. Although the lowest man is as capable of tragic struggle and feeling as any Greek hero, he is not capable of comprehending the scale and scope of the epic in his own life. We have no way of grasping the gargantuan undertaking of an epic. The epic poem is nonextant in modern literature, and the number who read epic poems is decreasing rapidly as well. We may read excer pts or quotes about famous works, and from those remarks be able to afford remarks of our own, but this is a form of Cliffs Notes to cultural fluency. The fact that these facile and passing acquaintances serve as the bulk of our cultures understanding reveals the imperfect nature of what we fall upon we know. We feel qualified to claim a connection with the Greeks, through no proper understanding of our own, but rather through an opinion about an exposition of a translation.

Organisational Strategy at Flybe Essay

IntroductionFor the purposes of this report I harbor chosen Flybe as my main focalize of discussion in the UK and European airline industry. Flybe is Europes largest regional airline with 162 routes, operating from a total of 53 breathing out points. In this report I will analyse why it has made sense for Flybe to build on their strengths of being a regional operator and how they exact managed to find a niche in the crowded airline marketplace. I will also discuss their system for future growth and how they engender chosen their battleground carefully. I will discuss in detail how Flybe is attempting to fulfil its mission statements of Low Cost, But non at any constitute and To put up you safe, efficient and friendly service(Flybe, 2008).Eye For Travel (2008) reports that Flybes financial reports for the year-ending 31 March 2008 show 46% increase in turnover to 535.9m. on that point was also a profit before tax of 53.4m. Flybes competitors such as EasyJet, Ryaniar and BMI Baby have non had such positive figures in these broken economical conditions. I have included in this report the capability depth psychology of Flybe, the stakeholders analysis and how Flybe can utilise its resources to gain competitive advantage. Relevant appendices and a bibliography are included at the end of the report.STRATEGIC CAPABILITY ANALYSIS FOR FLYBEEffectiveness of strategies used 2002-2008The period 2002-2008 was significant for Flybe. It coincided with a major shift in strategy in response to market conditions. Flybe adopted the LCC craft strategy in 2002 (D bingle, 2003). The authors aim is to identify the strategies victimization the Bowmans dodging Clock (1995). Evaluation of strategies will be done using the TOWS matrix (see Appendix 1 for Flybes strengths and weaknesses).Low Cost No Frills outlineThe adoption of the LCC business model by Flybe as a strategy can arguably be described as the stead surface. This strategy could not have been planned but was rather an emergent one fol outseting the downturn in boodleexacerbated by September the 11th event. A racing shelllike analysis of the Bowmans Strategy Clock reveals that Flybes initial strategy was that of low price. According to Done (2003), Flybes restructuring process was geared towards competing with the conventional no-frills airlines. Competition with Ryanair and Easyjet was in that respectfore inevitable, but was this strategy sustainable? How effective was this strategy?According to Grant (2005), to compete effectively with a low live strategy a company should be having economies of scale, experience curve and a lead on the market. Datamonitor (2007), notes that Flybe has had a lot of experience in the aviation business. It enjoyed economies of scale in its operations. It had a lot of experience in the airline industry. What it did not have was the large market parcel of land when it decided to adopt the LCC model of operation. Upon get along analysis one can safely argue that this was a major risk that Flybe took by entering into this short haul business. A TOWS matrix analysis of Flybe (Appendix 1) suggests that Flybe adopted an effective strategy because it had strengths like economies of scale, dedicated staff, capital and resources to explore the expanding low cost business. Flybe only needed to offer a competitive crossroad similar to its competitors. As a potential entrant into the business, there was no deterrence from the formal airlines to stop Flybe from entering the market. On that basis, Flybe can be tell to have used an effective strategy. It is also important to look at the strategies that sustained Flybe once it entered the market.Flybes Business StrategiesRapid refinementRestructuring of Flybe was associated with the rapid expansion programme. Flybe chairman, Jim French, announced the completion of its five year plan of rapid expansion programme (Annual report of 2007). in that respect was an increase in the number of air craft, network and profits for the corporation for the period 2002-2007. Rapid expansion was mainly achieved by the accomplishment of BA Connect, a subsidiary of British Airways. The acquisition made Flybe one of the largest European LCC (Done, 2007, Annual Report, 2007). This fittedwell with his strategy of competition with its established airlines. However, acquisitions carry their own risks such as human relations problems (that can plagiarize after the acquisition), not easy to dispose of unwanted parts of the company, problems of clash of national cultures particularly where target if foreign and amply risks if a wrong company is targeted (Lynch, 2003).Re-brandingFlybe has been reframed into a placeable product on the market. The Flybe brand has continued to grow with passenger volumes up from 4.7million to 7million in 2006 and 2007 venerateively (Done, 2007). The forecast for year 2008 was predicted to an annual turnover in surfeit of 500 million and passenger volumes of 10 million (Done, 2007).It is debatable that Flybes initial plan was to establish itself on the market as phase one of the programme. Against a background of heavy losses, Jim French took a risk that paid off by sustaining Flybe into existence considering the intensity of competition on the market against established brands like Ryanair and Easyjet. Sustaining Flybe on the market would have been the second phase. Flybe adopted a strictly no-frills strategy between 2002 and 2006. However, a shift in strategy has been noted from 2006 onwards. This strategy is that of differentiation.The Differentiation StrategyExamining Bowmans Strategic Clock (Appendix 2), Flybe has now shifted its strategy to differentiation without a price premium. Its major competitors have continued with the no-frills approach, while Flybe has commenced on product differentiation. Datamonitor (2007) noted that product differentiation for Flybe is in frequent flier programmes, on board deli, business give tongu e to travel and corporate users. As highlighted in the 2007 Annual Report Flybe became the first LCC to charge baggage handling. However, its competitors have copied this and are doing the identical. The advantages of differentiation as highlighted in seek and literature include creating value for the customer, gaining a market share and enticing customer loyalty to the offered product (Grant, 2005). Judging by Flybesresults in term of profitability and growth in passenger figures it appears as if differentiation strategy is working. On the other hand, it should be noted that Debonair came unstuck when it employed this strategy.Parnell (2006) has reiterated Porters strain that a company needs to have either a Low Cost Strategy or Differentiation Strategy combined with a focus strategy. If this does not happen then businesses risk their potential to maximise on performance. Flybe at present appears to be pursuing both strategies of Low Cost and Differentiation. another(prenomina l) authorities have argued for the co-joined approach suggesting the importance of customer perception in terms of price and value (Bowman and Faulkner, 1997).The author argues that Flybe might be leading ahead(predicate) of its competitors. When Michael Oleary, Chief Exe skidive Officer of Ryanair, was asked about what his next challenge was he suggested differentiation strategy (Done, 2007). Whilst Flybe has got competitive advantage at present in respect of differentiation, other competitors have already started thinking about it because it is easy to copy. Jim French can be said to have used an effective strategy again.As shown in Appendix 1(TOWS matrix for Flybe in 2008), Flybe has used its strengths of fleet efficiency and competitive routes to take advantage of the growing and expanding LCC market. It has also used product differentiation and customer loyalty to exploit a large share on the growing market. By purchasing environmentally friendly aircraft, Flybe has managed to counter threat of globular warming concerns. Product differentiation has been used to insulate Flybe from the competitive environment where Ryanair and Easyjet have a large stake.STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS FOR FLYBEStakeholder pressuresStakeholder pressures played a significant constituent in terms of strategies that have been chosen by Flybe. The main stakeholders include shareholders, employees, customers, governments, suppliers, environmental pressure groups, unions, foreign governments, media, airports, local governments, directors, financial institutions and competitors. . The stakeholder pressure shall be examined using a power-interest matrix (Appendix 3).As power and interest moves towards high power and high interest segment, it is indicative of an increased level of stakeholder pressure. Appendix 3 represents threesome periods when Flybe decided to change its business model in 2002, a period of stability between 2002 and 2006 and finally when it started display interest in the acquisition of BA Connect in 2006. Meeting the expectations and demands of all stakeholders has been described as almost impossible within literature (George, 2003).Pre-2002 period Flybes management was under abundant pressure from its main economic stakeholders. The company had gone for nearly three years without making any profits and with limited growth (Done, 2003). Pressure was ascent mainly from its shareholders for results in terms of profits. Tudway and Pascal (2006) pointed out that a shareholders perspective regarding responsibilities of directors as that of increasing shareholder value. Appendix 3 shows that there was a lot of pressure from financial institutions, creditors and share holding employees in the high interest- high power segment. Media had also started showing interest in what was disaster at Flybe. Flybes competitors and suppliers were eager to find out what was happening in Flybe hence indicated in the low power- high interest segment.The resultant e ffect in terms of strategy was a change in management. Jim French was appointed the managing director and there was a change in the direction of the company. A positioning approach was adopted. Flybe announced its closing to establish itself as a LCC. The company was re-branded into Flybe. In that respect, stakeholder pressure was significant in influencing Flybes strategies.Between 2004 and 2006 there was a different kind of pressure as shown in appendix 3-1. There was a low interest from suppliers, media and the government with low power as well. There was high interest but with low power from competitors, unions, employees, pressure groups, creditors and financial institutions. Meanwhile Flybe had embarked on its strategy of rapid expansion. Heavy losses at BA Connect precipitated the move by Flybefor a possible acquisition in 2006. The ultimate strategy was therefore fulfilled but the power-interest matrix also started showing a different picture before the acquisition (appendi x 3-2).The government as a regulatory body had to come in with high interest and high power. Easyjets interest in BA Connect was blocked by the government paving the way for Flybe as the main competitor for the acquisition (Done, 2006). Media and environmental pressure groups also started getting involved towards the high interest and high power segment. Interests from secondary airports started to increase since they were going to profit from the acquisition. The resultant effect was the acquisition of BA Connect in 2007. Environmental pressure groups could be described as having played a significant role in Flybes decision to acquire smaller and environmentally friendly aircraft, the 78 seater Q400 turboprop aircraft. Flybe abandoned its initial interest in either Boeing or Airbus aircraft. Stakeholder pressure could be argued as having played a part, and still plays a significant part today.Stakeholder pressure is therefore a significant factor in firm strategies. However, not ev erybodys demands will be effected by management. Some decisions will be taken at the expense of others. A power-interest matrix is a useful official document in stakeholder pressure assessment.RECENT STRATEGIC CHANGES THAT FLYBE HAS TAKENFit or Stretch future strategiesFlybe achieved in its strategies of rapid expansion and re-branding the corporation within a short period of time. Change of business model, acquisition of BA Connect and differentiation strategies have all been aimed at gaining a substantial market share through positioning. The author argues that with its accelerated rate of growth Flybe now requires to consolidate its position on the market by focussing on its internal resources. running(a) on its core competencies, Flybe can still realise growth. The author therefore suggests that Flybes future strategies should be stretch establish. Indeed, in the battle of the low cost carriers, Flybe have decided that an ambitious strategy is the best way that they can prospe r. The acquisition ofBA Connect accelerates this strategy. Flybes rapid growth will enable them to spread their costs over a far greater range of activity and routes than ever before. This should enable them to continue to be able to offer low cost fares (Bizled, 2008).Evidence in literature and research asserts that the suppuration of competitive advantage could be through looking at a firms resources and capabilities (Foss and Kaudsen, 2003 Barney, 2001). Appendix 4 is a value chain system for Flybe. A close examination of the value chain has led the author to conclude that Flybe has long resources at its disposal and capabilities that it can develop into core competencies. As such, its future strategy should be based on the inside-out approach.Looking at the inward activities, Flybe made the right decision in terms of aircraft acquisition. Flybes 78 seat Bombardier Q400 Turboprop and the Embraer 195 (which will be fully operational in 2009) have been heralded as an environmenta lly friendly fleet, its capacity suits the market. Flybes competitors have gone for bigger aircraft instead, despite the threat of public protests and impending legislation (Done, 2007). Flybe could maybe have a competitive advantage from its assets. Effective operations supported by its links with Exeter University in terms of learning and exploitation could improve and cut down on costs. For the period 2007-2008 financial year about 10-15m has been set aside for marketing the Flybe product.In 2007 Flybe had cash reserves in excess of 136.2m compared to the same period the previous year (Annual Report, 2007). This is strength and Flybe should focus on building route growth, developing its brand and increasing its fleet efficiency. Claiming a core-competency in Flybe business should concentrate on improving passenger load factor, reputation index and operational efficiency (Pegels and Yang, 2000). This is achievable considering Flybes resources. More importantly, Flybe is currentl y taking an transcendent change of nearly 6.5m by writing down the asset value of its BAE 146 aircraft (Bized, 2008). This is an essential part of their strategy to operate more(prenominal) efficiently, and in a more environmentally friendly fashion. Flybes new fleet will be one of the youngest in the world (Bized, 2008).The acquisition of BA Connect saw Flybes staff increase to over 3000 in a relatively short period (Done, 2007). This author argues that with such a vital resource the process of consolidation should focus on building a vision and culture that promotes the corporate brand of Flybe (Hatch and Schult, 2003). Nonetheless, post-merger integration will be critical to the success of Flybe. Learning and development for increased productivity and enhanced corporate image should focus on employees. Flybe has recently unveiled details about its project to build a 160-bedroom hotel at Exeter International Airport (This is Exeter, 2008). The hotel would be operated by a third party, with Flybe guaranteeing to fill 80 rooms a night with all its employees and those from other industry sectors attending training courses. This would be part of resource management.In January 2008, Flybe also announced a landmark franchise Agreement signed with Loganair (The Scottish regional airline). This is Flybes innovative philosophy and strategy of continuing to build a market-leading position as Europes largest regional airline following the acquisition of BA Connect in 2006. The flights commenced operations in October 2008 (Reuters, 2008).Flybe should now focus on organic growth. Research evidence has associated organic growth with stretch strategies (Leavy, 2003). However, a two-pronged approach has been suggested as a potentially effective strategy. The need to concentrate on resources while positioning a firm is considered as a dynamic and spirited approach in the unpredictable market of today (Leavy, 2003). Flybe would be no exception to adopt such a strategy fo r the future. Flybes response to development on the market will determine the strategy to focus on. Jim French has not ruled out taking a predatory stance to opportunities that arise on the market. The author recommends a strategy based on stretch while keeping an eye on the industry structure.Other Future Strategy OptionsFlybe could consider the possibilities of mergers, alliances and sustained acquisitions of other businesses. Acquisition is where strategies are developed by taking over ownership of another organisation (Johnson, et al2006). Flybe recently penned a three year exclusive contract with car rental firm Avis that will see both companies explore the possibility of integrating car utilise with flight bookings (Skyscanner, 2008). However, Flybe would also have to consider the pros and cons of mergers and acquisitions. Another strategy option that Flybe could possibly consider would be stock market floatation, when the current market conditions and the economic situation become favourable.ConclusionAs seen above, external factors either create threats or opportunities for firms in the industry. Industry structure analysis is vital to identify mention drivers in the industry. Flybe has successfully chosen its strategies to date. It remains to be seen if future strategies will be as effective but the author has suggested a stretch based strategy while keeping an eye on the market.ReferencesBarney, J.B. (2001) Is the resource based view a useful perspective for Strategic management research? Yes. honorary society of Management Review 21, 41-56Bized (2008) http//www.bized.co.uk/current/leisureDone, K. (2003) Companies UK Flybe negotiates to join the big league online Financial times. London Available from http//ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=flybe&page=&y=6&drillDown=%2Bgaco. Accessed 17 November 2007Done, K. (2005) Companies UK carriage trusts set Flybe on course for sale or float online financial times. London. Available from http//search.ft.com/ftArtic le?queryText=flybe&page=2&y=6&drilldown=%2Bgaco. Accessed 17 November 2007)Done, K. (2006) BA sells regional unit to Flybe online FT.com site. London. Available fromhttp//search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=flybe&page=11&y=b&drillDown=%2Bgaco Accessed 17 November 2007Done, K. (2007) Regional airline sale costs BA 105m. online FT.com site. London. Available from http//search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=flybe&page=1&y=6&drillDown=%2Bgaco Accessed 17 November 2007Done, K. (2007) Flybe flies into loss online FT.com site. London. Available from http//search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=flybe=&y6&drillDown=%2Bgaco Accessed 17 November 2007Done, K. (2007) Ryanair orders 27 Boeing jets. FT.com site online Available from http//search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=flybe=&y6&drillDown=%2Baco Accessed26 November 2007Flybe (2008) Flybe official website. http//www.flybe.comFoss, N.J. and Kaudsen, T. (2003) The resource-based tangle towards a sustainable description of competitive advantage. Managerial a nd Decision Economics 24, 291-207.George, B. (2003) Managing Stakeholder vs Responding to Stakeholders. Strategy and Leadership. 31(6), 36-40.Grant, R.M. (2005) Contemporary Strategy Analysis. 5th ed. Blackwell Publishing. Australia.Hatch, M.J and Schult, M (2003) Bringing the Corporation into corporate branding. European Journal of Marketing. 37 (7/8), 1041-1064.Johnson, G Scholes, K Whittington, R (2006) Exploring Corporate Strategy Texts and Cases, 7th edition. Prentice Hall, LondonLeavy, B. (2003) Assessing your strategic alternatives from both a market position and core competence perspective. Strategy and Leadership. 31 (6),29-35.Lynch, R (2003) Corporate Strategy. 3rd Edn. Prentice Hall, London.Parnell, J.A. (2006) Generic strategies after two decades a re-conceptualisation of competitive strategy. Management Decision. 44 (8), 1139-1154.Pegels, C.C. and Yang, B. (2000) The impact of managerial characteristics on strategic assets, management capabilities. Team work manageme nt An Introduction Journal , 6 (5/6), 97-106.Reuters (2008) Flybe Another new horizon for Flybe NON-REG. http//www.reuters.com/articleSkyscanner (2008) Flybe goes from strength to strength. http//news.skyscanner.net/articles/2008/07/000482-flybeThis is Exeter (2008) Flybe unveils plans for a 160-bedroom hotel at city airport. http//www.thisisexeter.co.uk/business/Flybe-unveils-plans-160-bedroom-hotelTudway, R and A.M. (2006) Corporate Governance, Shareholder value and Societal expectation. Corporate Governance. 6 (3), 305-316.Transport Research Laboratory (2004) Airline Performance Indicators. Transport Research Laboratory, Wokingham. London.

Evaluation of Business Code of Ethics

In preparation for your research paper, write a research proposal that includes the following detect the root and state the question you will answer in your research. Criminal justice to work in the area as a Probation Officer working in the Juvenile Hall Provide the rationale for your research question. hang to the Research Question Appendix on your Week Two student Web range for examples of identifying topics and generating research questions for that topic. 1. Working with gang crime statistics members? 2.Violent offenders? 3. Sex offenders younger than 15? Describe your research writing purpose. Will you explore a question of fact, definition, value, causa and effect, or consequence? interest to Ch. 3, Establishing a Purpose. Are you taking a stand on an issue or arguing a point? Refer to the Evaluating Your Purpose checklist in Ch. 16 of Bookmarks. I am explaining the work of a probation officer and what probation officers have to deal with juveniles. Describe the type of research you will dish outprimary (based on interviews, etc. ) or secondary (based on sources already written).Describe your research strategy by explaining the process you will follow to collect your information. Refer to Ch. 4, Planning Your Research Strategy. It would be secondary research, going online finding valid sources to get the information Begin building a research log Identify (cite) details of each source and collect facts, statistics, expert opinions, examples, and definitions that address your research question. Include your research log with your research proposal. List at least v sources in the research log. Research Log Jacobson, Michael. Probation Officers. Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement. Ed. Larry E. Sullivan, et al. Vol. 1 State and Local. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Reference, 2005. 369-371. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. archive URL http//go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? &id=GALE%7CCX3452600164&v=2. 1&u=apollo&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w

Abraham Lincoln – Short Essay

In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected for president because he was a common, well-known man who was involved in the world and has acted profoundly throughout the years. In 1829 Andre Jackson became the seventh president of the United States until his term ended in 1837. During his presidency, President Andrew Jackson had several accomplishments. To begin with, Jackson was the first to introduce the Spoils System to the national government. This gave him a chance to fire everyone in congress and simply hire anybody that supported him to give the presidents more power and favor.Many disagreed with this system but he did it anyway. Jackson vetoed more bills in his presidency than all the presidents consecrate together. He was the first to use pocket veto and used the power extensively. While in office Jackson defied the Supreme Court leaving everyone confused. In the Worcester Vs. Georgia in 1832 the supreme court ruled for Georgia. President Andrew Jackson defied the decision that the court made and ordered a removal. He was against the court and he vetoed their decision in a blink of an eye.Jackson was a man with various opinion and he also took a stand in what he believed in. The Second bank of the United States was full of fraud and corruption and President Jackson wanted it to end as soon as possible because of that. It did and so end and Jackson was considered completely responsible for that. He vetoed several bills to get it done and did not rest until the bank went bankrupt and ended. President Andrew Jackson was a great President, a great husband, son and father but most importantly, he was a good all around person who accomplished so much in his life.

Greatest Chinese Inventions

The Greatest Chinese Inventions Gene R. Kelsey Strayer University The ancient Chinese culture produced major guiles that about of which still are relevant and useful to our modern culture all over world even today. When an Italian merchant named Marco Polo traveled to China in during the Song Dynasty in 1271 he discovered a place so technologically advanced far greater than any Western European state of its time. The follo watch upg is a listing of 9 important inventions instrumental to our growth as modern Human Beings.It would be a technical pilgrimage for me to win this contest. I would love to visit China. (1) The Process of Paper making. Although first used as wrapping and padding for over 100 old age before it became a medium for writing upon around AD 105. Paper along with printing changed the way the world documented everything from history to science and many years posterior paper currency. Even though our modern culture is moving away from paper it will always be use d in one piss or an early(a). There is no such thing as electronic toilet paper. 2) The invention of the printing press with moveable text symbols by Bi Sheng. It was this invention that was eventually taken over to the West and used by Gutenberg for the printing of the Bible. Needless to say, this had a profound effect on the reputation of bestialowship and the development of literature, (The Franklin Institute). (3) Gun mill and Fireworks. The use of gunpowder in weapons gave those with access to the technology a greater ability to protect themselves from enemies or to conquer and obtain others. It greatly affected the balance of power in many parts of the world.Whether we agree or not the invention of Gun Powder and the weapons that followed were huge punt changers for Humanity. (4) The Compass which was really pre-dated by the discovery of magnetism by the Chinese which was first noted in a book from the Song Dynasty. However, the first hang magnetic needle compass was w ritten of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088. The wet Compass was the most used. Eventually the Dry Compass took shape but was not as well accepted by the Chinese. (The Science Forum 2007) (5) The Great Wall of China. One of the wonders of the world its construction began in 221 BC in an effort to keep Mongol invaders out. The Sui Emperor Yang Di began the reconstruction and repairs of the wall around the 600s AD. Hundreds of thousands of laborers were used to do the work. As some perished they were buried where they fell and remain in the wall. It is the biggest man made structure on impaleground and is said to be the only one visible from space. However, upon going to the NASA web aim (www. nasa. gov/ dream/space/workinginspace/great_wall. html) you will find some contradiction to that story.Only from low level orbit can it be made out to the unaided eye. (6) discard squeeze. In the 4th century BCE due to the prior discovery of refractory clays to allow for construction of a blast furnace that could handle the heat required to be given down iron the Chinese were able to pour and mold cast iron. That along with the use of phosphorus to reduce the heat required using char as the fuel. With the development of annealing ploughshares, longer swords, and buildings were also using iron in their construction. (Asiasociety. Org). (7) Row Crop Planting 6th Century BC. 200 years before the western world adapted this practice the Chinese were growing stronger crops much faster than previously done by planting in rows. This wait on allows for greater access to the plant for watering, weeding, and harvesting along with greater protection for the plant from the elements. This practice is still used today as it still trunk the perfect way to grow and harvest. (8) Deep Drilling. Around the 1st Century BC the technology to drill cabalistic bore holes using equipment that would be perceptible today.They used Derricks that towered has high as 180 feet and could reach depths of 4800 feet. They captured natural gas in bamboo tubes to use as fuel for evaporating water by boiling souse to produce salt. There is also evidence that they may pass on burned it in lanterns for light. It wasnt until the 1800s before western nations adapted the use of deep drilling. (9) Porcelain. To this day Chinese porcelain is prized by all cultures. The process of using materials such as glass and mineral compounds in a kiln at high heat. Invented during the Sui Dynasty and improve in the Tang Dynasty most notably by Tao-yue (c. 08 c. 678). By the time the Sung Dynasty it reached its peak around the 10th century. It wasnt until over 500 years later the monopoly was broken by a German Physicist Tschirnhausen who invented European porcelain. Generally speaking most scholars believe the 1st four I leave in order are the most important contributions to humanity. Although the greatest written works of man may have eventually reached the pages of a book using other mat erials other than paper. And printing hadnt been created when it was following paper by the Chinese.Take the time to consider the Chinese were hundreds of years or more ahead of the west so think how many works would have been lost if man continued to carve in wood and write on cloth. And of course Gun Powder which led to fireworks and firearms. And lastly the compass so one can find their way home at the end of the fireworks show. I think the greatest invention from the Chinese is their diverse culture. China is one of the four ancient civilizations (alongside Babylon, India, and Egypt) with 3600 years of written history. Out of the nine I have chosen Cast Iron which eventually became steel as something I couldnt live without as I do.The Chinese invented the process but it wasnt perfected until a British inventor names Henry Bessemer mass produced it in his facility in Sheffield, England in 1856. Steel is still produced using the process of blowing air through dissolve pig iron to oxidize the material to separate the impurities. Why would I choose cast iron and steel? All my life I have worked with iron and steel. I build cars and restore them by welding in new metal where old has rusted away. I build iron provide and art work with iron and steel. I have my work adorning many friends and familys homes.The art of blacksmithing holds great interest for me. What other material on earth is so strong yet can be heated and molded into any shape. While doing research for this paper I ran into some of the writings of Shen Kuo. We have been studying the Renaissance of Italy. Shen Kuo was the Leonardo da Vinci of China. He was a mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, geologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, archeologist, ethnographer, cartographer, encyclopedias, general, diplomat, hydraulic engineer, inventor, academy chancellor, finance minister and it goes on.In the Song Dynasty he was the head of the bureau of uranology in the Song court. O ne of the greatest Western sinologists of this century, Joseph Needham wrote The Science and Civilization in China. This Book is now one of the main references about Shen Kuos work in a western language. What this tells me is that genius is not limited to the west or east. The Renaissance was not limited to the west. Great minds are of the nature of the human race. They dont come around that often. But every century has had a few of them since the eginning of man. And China has had their fair share dating back to the origin of what is China References Secrets of Lost Empires (The Science Forum 2007) Bodde, Derk (1991). Chinese Thought, Society, and Science. On Shen Kuo. The Needham Research Institute (NRI), home of the Science and Civilization in China project. (www. nasa. gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall. html) (The Franklin Institute, 2012). The Humanities Culture, Continuity, & Change Volume 1 Second edition.

Decentralisation of Retailing Essay

Decentralisation is the process in which the population, retail and industry moves from urban CBDs to the let oner city. An let out of town shopping centre of attention is a group of shops and facilities that ar located away from a towns CBD. This movement will have unconditional and proscribe impacts on both the urban neighborhood and the outer city, where the out of town centres are make. The decentralisation of retailing and other services is regaining because In order to sell goods, shops need to be located where great deal can get to them easily and its seen as easier to go to an out of town shopping centre than go to the CBD of a city. An advantage of this includes the social advantage is that there are many more than free car parking spaces at out of town centres, whereas in a CBD parking is usually very hard to find and when it is found it is far away from the shops. This encourages shoppers to go to the out of town shopping centres as it is either more convenien t, or cheaper. This also encourages families to go as the shops and facilities are a lot closer to the car parking spaces and their children and the elderly have slight distance to walk. An economic advantage is that as a lot of shops and facilities open, more jobs will become available for the local good deal.This would help the local area because it would pull down the amount of people advanceing benefits from the government. This would also positively impact the government because theyd receive more money from taxes and have to pay out slight in benefits. Another social advantage is that there is a variety of shops that are all in one area. This benefits the people who go there because they wont have to spend a long time walking to different shops. Also due to all of the facilities in the area, it makes a day out more enjoyable because the customers have more available activities, such as cinemas, coffee shops and in some cases mini golf. There are also many disadvantages of out of town shopping centres. A disadvantage to the economy and environment is that the out of town shopping centres take customers away from the CBD, which would lead to some shops being force to close. This often leads to the city centre becoming make pass down. This would harm the environment because it would look unappealing and it becomes a waste of green space. The closure of these shops also would mean that a lot of people would lose their jobs, which means that the government would receive less money through taxes and would even lose money if the unemployed people went on benefits.An economic disadvantage is that along with the shops in the CBD, the small businessesthat are near the out of town shopping centre will suffer and possibly be forced to close. This would also lead to people losing their jobs and would mean that the government get less money through taxes. A social disadvantage is that the face of the centre may upset some residents, due to the high levels of noise and the inevitable road congestion. An environmental disadvantage is that the shopping centre could be built on green-belt land. Also the construction could destroy wildlife habitats. Another social disadvantage is that the crime rate in the CBD will increase as it becomes more run down and people lose their jobs. This will give the area a bad reputation, lowering the chances of further investments from the government and also lowering the chances of more people buying houses there, meaning that less money goes into the economy.The decentralisation of retailing and other services also has positive and negative impacts on the city centre. A negative impact is that urban deprivation could occur. Urban deprivation is when the standard of living in an urban area drops due to the area becoming run down. This could happen to the area because the shops lose customers to the out of town shopping centre. This causes the shops in the CBD to close and the people who worked there become unemployed, then these people are forced to claim benefits from the government, which means that the government dont have the money to invest in the CBD. This then leads to an increase in crime, which makes the area look far more unappealing and gives it a poor reputation.Some of the shops in the CBD are also unable to compete with the out of town shopping centre because they cant offer free parking, whereas the centre can. This free parking can have a massive influence on where the customers go. However, a positive impact is that the area has a lot less cars running through it, which leads to little congestion and little noise and air pollution. This would ensure that the environment of the area would be less polluted then what it would be if the shops were still successful. It also makes the area a lot more peaceful for the locals who live there. I strongly agree with this recital because the above shows some of the positive and negative impacts it can have on urban areas, which are major impacts so therefore, out of tow shopping centres are affecting the CBDs in many ways.