List and Explain Six Differences and Six Similarities...

THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA SOCIAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION /DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES NAME : SELVAC HANG’ANDU COURSE CODE : PH 101 COURSE NAME : POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY COMPUTER NO. : 12116173 QUESTION : List and explain six differences and six similarities between the political philosophy of John Locke and that of Tomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were philosophers from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The two men both had very strong views on freedom and how a country should be governed. Their view points are famous for contrasting one another. Hobbes has more of a pessimistic view on freedom while Locke’s opinions are more optimistic. This paper will†¦show more content†¦Hence a situation where everyman is the enemy of every other endeavoring to destroy or subdue him by force or fraud or both. But such a state is even less in conformity with human desires than what most of us know .It is Hobbes famous words a state where the life of man is solitary poor, nasty ,brutish and short. The fear of such a state of things calls into action as a servant of the most fundamental of all the passions, that of self-preservation, at least a modicum of reason which finds a solution of the difficulty in social contract. By its terms men agreed to give up their natural liberty to sovereign authority which in turn gurantees them security, that is immunity from aggression by the force or fraud of others. It is only through authority of this sovereign that the war of all against all is held in check and order and security is maintained. (Talcott persons: 91). In modern times, Tomas Hobbes defined right to life as natural rights which even the sovereign of the state could not jeopardize. But the name of John Locke is important who treated three rights (relating to life, liberty and property) as natural rights. Effective protection of the natural rights is the responsibility of the state .In case the sovereign authority is capable of fulfilling the trust of the people, the contract may be chosen instead for securing effective protection of natural rights. (J.C.Johari, 1989:136) STATE OF NATURE BY THOMAS HOBBESShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

The Community Of The Deaf - 1147 Words

Methods Definitions In order to completely understand the proposal it is necessary to clarify what it is meant by Deaf. For the sake of this proposal Deaf will refer to individuals who cannot hear at all or are hard of hearing to the point it is necessary to use sign language to communicate Selecting a Sample The unit of analysis for the proposed study are Deaf individuals that are currently incarcerated in prisons located in the areas of the United States that have the greatest population of the Deaf. The prisons chosen are Rochester Correctional Facility in New York, Texas State Penitentiary in Texas, Charlotte Correctional Facility in North Carolina, Southeastern Correctional Institution in Ohio and Washington State Penitentiary in†¦show more content†¦Generalizability The results of this study will be generalizable to the incarcerated Deaf population in the United States due to the samples are taken from areas in the United States that have a high population of Deaf. The samples of Deaf inmates is not concentrated in one area of the United States so it is generalizable to all parts of the United States. Research Design The study that is purposed is exploratory and qualitative in nature. This study explores issues the Deaf has when involved in the criminal justice system. These issues include not being able to communicate, not understanding the process, and other difficulties that arise during incarceration, leaving the Deaf more vulnerable to abuse and depression than normal prison inmates. The strengths are it gives the issues depth by the interview revealing the types of obstacles they face. The criminal justice system could use this survey to take a deeper look into these issues that arise for the Deaf and possibly fix policies that are falling short of what it is intended to alleviate. Also, it could help create new, less costly policies to accommodate the Deaf. The weakness is the survey will show what needs to be done, but not really the â€Å"how† to accomplish these goals. Instrument The proposed study by an interpreted interview at carefully selected institutions that correspond to Deaf population. A specific type of interpreter will be selected. The interpreter must have a degree in

Semiotic Analysis of Television Show Dexter - 1494 Words

Semiotic Analysis of Television Show Dexter Semiotics is the study of meaning. There are many aspects that go into developing a semiotic analysis. They include signs, a signifier and signified, codes, opposition, code confusion, intertexuality, paradigms, and syntagyms. Before delving into the analysis, the meaning of each of these terms and their relation to semiotics must be made clear. A sign could be anything that stands for something else. A signifier is the physical object that represents something else, while the signified is the image the object relays. Codes are a set of rules that govern everything. Opposition, or binary opposition, which is used in this analysis, is when two things or people are used as opposites†¦show more content†¦Eventually after a few sessions and some snooping around, Dexter learns that Emmet counseled those three women and many others into committing suicide. This discovery led Dexter to murder the psychiatrist. Psychiatrists are often referred to as shrinks. The title Shr ink Wrap was a sign and form of foreshadowing of Dexters next murder victim. Like all his victims Dexter wrapped Emmet down to a table, which this time was in Emmets own office, and covered the room with shrinkwrap which is used to prevent dust or in this case blood from spattering onto the floor or couches. Then he took a blood sample to save for his file and proceeded to murder Emmet in the very place he counseled others into returning home and killing themselves. Codes are another important aspect of this semiotic analysis. The main set of codes this episode deals with is between good and evil. These codes can also be viewed at times as paradigms because of the way the codes are setup. The idea of good versus evil is apparent in the battle Dexter wages against serial killers. Dexter sets out to kill those, such as the therapist, who are taking advantage of others, or who have actually murdered others as in previous episodes. This raises the question, might Dexter actually be a good person? Although he may only be murdering those who deserve it, he is still committing one of the most gruesome crimes possible with no remorse. Dexter even describesShow MoreRelatedBeyond Visual Metaphor. a New Typology of Visual Rhetoric in Advertising9528 Words   |  39 Pagessuch consumer responses as elaboration and belief change. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of marrying textual analysis, as found in literary, semiotic and rhetorical disciplines, with the experimental methodology characteristic of social and cognitive psychology. Key Words advertising figurative speech image metaphor picture rhetoric semiotics typology †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Introduction A distinctive feature of advertising, relative to other contemporary forms of human communicationRead MoreUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 Pagescommunication has revived the significance of uses and gratifications. In fact, uses and gratifications has always provided a cutting-edge theoretical approach in the initial stages of each new mass communications medium: newspapers, radio and television, and now the Internet. Although scientists are likely to continue using traditional tools and typologies to answer questions about media use, we must also be prepared to expand our current theoretical models of uses and gratifications. Contemporary

Selective Attention Essay Example For Students

Selective Attention Essay Kahneman and Treisman (1984, p.55) have succinctly described the main disagreement between early selection and late selection theories of attention: ‘The classic question of attention theory has always been whether attention controls the build-up of perceptual information, or merely selects among the responses associated with currently active percepts.’ Early selection theories hold that attention serves to select which one of a number of stimuli will be further semantically processed and stored in long term memory. On the other hand, more recent late selection theories maintain that selective attention operates after all stimuli are semantically processed. This essay briefly examines and discusses the main findings and criticisms that have caused the transition from early selection models to late selection models of attention. Apart from these two extreme positions, theories that combine aspects of both theories are also discussed. The essential question which, if answered, would provide evidence on whether stimuli are semantically processed before or after selection is what people know about the unattended information. If the subject does not know the meaning of unattended information, this would mean that it has been discarded before it has been processed for meaning. One of the first approaches to this question was attempted by Cherry (1953, in Parkin, 1999) who carried out an experiment in which subjects were required hear two different messages simultaneously, one in each ear, but only pay attention to one of them. To make sure that subjects were not attending to the other message, they were asked to shadow the attended message, that is to recite aloud everything they heard. Subjects could report the physical characteristics of the voice in the unattended message, but not its meaning. Cherry concluded that selective attention completely overshadows the meaning of unattended stimuli. Broadbent’s (195 8, in Eysenck Keane, 1995) ‘filter’ model of attention was based on a similar experiment. Subjects were presented dichotically with pairs of digits and were instructed to shadow whichever message they preferred. A strong preference was shown for attending ear-by-ear. Broadbent theorised that stimuli are selected according to their physical attributes and unattended messages are not semantically processed and discarded. According to Broadbent, switching attention from one stimulus to another is also quite difficult. These two previous experiments had numerous weaknesses. In Cherry’s experiment subjects were asked about information in non-shadowed messages after they had completed the shadowing phase. This information may have been perceived and processed, but forgotten later. In Broadbent’s experiment there was no particular meaning to be extracted from the pairs of digits presented, so there was no sufficient evidence to draw conclusions about semantic pr ocessing. Moreover, it was later made clear that it is possible to easily switch attention from one ear to another, when the meaning of the unattended message was relevant to the shadowed message. Experiments by Grey and Wedderburn (1960, in Parkin, 1999) and Treisman (1964, in Parkin, 1999) demonstrated that subjects select which message to attend to by following the meaning of a sentence. This suggests that humans can select a stimulus according to its meaning not only its physical cues. This could directly provide evidence for a late-selection model. However, Treisman (1960, in Kahneman and Treisman, 1984) accounted for this finding with the ‘attenuator’ model, which is still an early selection theory. She proposed that the filter described by Broadbent is actually more flexible and the unattended message can be partly semantically processed. Treisman’s attenuation theory was a good alternative to the filter model, as it could explain the new findings. However, it has been criticised for lack of clarity and for being a half-measure. Since subjects’ attention appears to be directed according to the meaning of a sentence, one could also claim that t hey can actually fully process stimuli for meaning before selection. .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d , .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .postImageUrl , .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d , .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d:hover , .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d:visited , .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d:active { border:0!important; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d:active , .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82338f36b44e5b8f5ff03e8d0726d38d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Difference of psychopath and psychotic EssayIn the area of visual attention, Johnston and Dark (1986, in Eysenck Keane, 1995) presented evidence that unattended visual stimuli undergo little or no semantic processing. However, counter evidence comes from recent studies with subjects suffering from simultagnosia. Patients are unable to attend to more than one object at any given time, even when objects are close together. However, when an unattended word is semantically related to the attended word, patients can report both words (Caslett Suffran, 1991, in Allport, 1993). Experiments on which early-selection models have been based appear problematic. Many authors (e.g. Deutsch Deutsch, 1963, in Eysenck, 1995; Parkin, 1999) have argued that the shadowing task is too demanding for the subjects to be able to process the unattended stimuli in a way equivalent to real world conditions. It should also be noted that theories for attention were developed on the basis of either auditory or visual experiments solely, although it was not evident that the same mechanisms are employed in all types of attention. Following the findings by Gray and Wedderburn (1960, in Parkin, 1999), Deutsch and Deutsch (1963, in Eysenck Keane, 1995) formed the first account of a late selection theory, proposing that all stimuli are fully analysed and attention merely selects the most important stimulus to respond to. However, it was difficult to provide evidence for this position, as an experiment by Treisman and Riley (1989, in Eysenck Keane, 1995) showed that subjects detected much less target words in non-shadowed messages. More evidence for late selection came from studies on subliminal perception. Some studies have shown that an unnoticed aspect of a stimulus, can influence subjects’ behaviour (Parkin, 1999). This indicates that unattended features of stimuli can be semantically processed. However, there is still no evidence that unattended messages are fully analysed. In the face of lack of evidence for the Deutsch and Deutsch theory, Johnston and Heinz (1978, in Parkin, 1999; 1978, in Eysenck Keane, 1995) proposed a less rigid model in which selection is possible both before and after semantic processing of information. They assumed that there is a limited central capacity, which is carefully allocated to various tasks including reasoning, auditory attention, visual attention and other functions. Early selection was considered to consume fewer resources than late selection. Thus, when a task involves physical cues early selection should be preferred. However, there is evidence that dissimilar tasks, for example visual attention and auditory attention, interfere less with each other when performed simultaneously than more similar tasks do (e.g. Allport, 1972; Brooks, 1967, both in Parkin, 1999). Relevant evidence from neuropsychological studies (review by Allport, 1993) seems to suggest that rather separate mechanisms control different kinds of a ttentional tasks. The concept of a central capacity, therefore, appears ill defined. It is still possible, however, that we can process information semantically both before and after selection according to the task demands on the capacity of the processing system, which, according to Welford’s (1952,in Eysenck Keane, 1995) well supported ‘bottleneck’ idea, is unable to make two decisions about the appropriate responses to two different stimuli at the same time. The evidence and theories mentioned in this essay lead to the conclusion that humans can detect meaning in unattended stimuli. There is no evidence, however, that this semantic processing is as complete as the processing of attended stimuli. Nevertheless, it could also be said that this conclusion is a rough generalisation, as there is no clear indication that there is a unique attentional mechanism responsible for attending all kinds of stimuli. Visual attention, for example may be controlled by different mechanisms than auditory attention. There is still no theory that provides a clear and testable explanation for all the known evidence and localises attentional selection. The main reason for this difficulty is that it is almost impossible to devise an experiment that will localise selection without interfering with the subjects’ natural functioning. REFERENCESAllport, A. (1993). ‘Attention and Control: Have We Been Asking the Wrong Questions? A Critical Review of Twen ty-Five Years’. In D.E. Meyer S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and Performance (Vol. XIV). London: MIT Press. .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 , .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .postImageUrl , .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 , .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1:hover , .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1:visited , .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1:active { border:0!important; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1:active , .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1 .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud2ee899743968e2e226d9a7a347b5bf1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Abstract on Rose diseases EssayEllis, H.C. Hunt, R.R. (1993). Fundamentals of cognitive psychology (5th ed). Brown Benchmark. MadisonEysenck, M.W. Keane, M.T.(1995), Cognitive psychology : a student’s handbook (3rd ed.), Erlbaum, Hove Kahneman, D. Treisman, A.(1984). ‘Changing Views of Attention and Automaticity.In Parasuraman, R. Davies, D.R. (Eds.). Varieties of attention. Academic P. OrlandoKinchla, R.A.(1992).’Attention’. Annual Review of Psychology. 43: 711-42Parkin, A.J.(1999).Essential Cognitive Psychology. Draft 23-3-99. University of Sussex.